The Polyphony of Voices in the Novel "Swiss Summer": Uspensky's Theory as a Model

Abstract

This research attempts to explore the concept of polyphony, which is considered one of the most important stylistic features distinguishing fictional characters, as each fictional character has a point of view that they express. Perhaps the theory proposed by the Russian critic Uspensky regarding point of view, which he considered central to the composition of literary works, is one of the most important theories revealing the multiplicity of voices in literature. He proposed four levels: the ideological level, the expressive level, the spatial and temporal level, and the psychological level. The researcher found in the novel *Swiss Summer* by the Iraqi writer Inam Kachachi a model that embodies the concept of multiple voices, as the novel is built around four characters who differ in their viewpoints, styles, and ideologies.